Impact of Geomagnetic Storms on GPS, Power Grids, Pipelines, Astronauts, and Air Travelers
The sun, a massive and dynamic celestial body, has the ability to influence our planet Earth. One of its effects is the release of vast amounts of energy, which reaches our planet and triggers geomagnetic storms. These storms disrupt Earth’s magnetic shield, which is responsible for safeguarding all living beings from the Sun’s harmful radiation. Geomagnetic storms occur when the sun emits shock waves or magnetic clouds that collide with our magnetic field. The most significant recorded storm, known as the Carrington storm in 1859, was so intense that it even caused fires in telegraph offices. Let’s delve into how these solar storms impact various aspects of our lives, as explored by the Exploratorium.
1. Satellites and spacecraft
2. Radio communication
Shortwave radio, used in the military and long-distance broadcasting, depends on the ionosphere to bounce signals. Geomagnetic storms shake the ionosphere, making radio communications unreliable.
3. Navigation
Most of the GPS systems we rely on depend on satellite signals. Geomagnetic storms mix up the density of the ionosphere, causing GPS signals to arrive too early or too late, causing inaccuracies. Animals with an internal compass can also get lost during these storms.
4. Electric transmission
Geomagnetic storms can cause electrical currents in power system cables and transformers. These currents can damage equipment and cause blackouts, such as the large one in Quebec in 1989. Knowing about these storms in advance helps utilities prepare because they can shut them down early.
5. Pipes
These storms can also mess up pipelines, corrode them quickly and lead to costly repairs.
6. Astronauts and high travelers
Solar radiation and particles can damage living tissue. Astronauts are especially at risk because they don’t have Earth’s protective shield. High-altitude flights during these storms can also expose crew and passengers to increased radiation.
7. Climate
Changes in the sun can even affect our climate. Its 11-year cycle of activity, known as the solar cycle, causes it to shine slightly brighter during its peak. Historical events such as the Maunder Minimum in the late 18th century show how solar activity can cause episodes of global cooling, such as the Little Ice Age.
